Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology
Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Measurement of IgG antibodies in children is being considered for surveillance and programmatic decision-making. There are currently no programmatic guidelines based on serology, which represents a generalizable problem...
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2025
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| author | Everlyn Kamau Pearl Anne Ante-Testard Sarah Gwyn Seth Blumberg Zeinab Abdalla Kristen Aiemjoy Abdou Amza Solomon Aragie Ahmed M. Arzika Marcel S Awoussi Robin L. Bailey Robert Butcher E. Kelly Callahan David Chaima Adisu Abebe Dawed Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz Abou-Bakr Sidik Domingo Chris Drakeley Belgesa E Elshafie Paul M. Emerson Kimberly Fornace Katherine Gass E. Brook Goodhew Jaouad Hammou Emma M. Harding‐Esch PJ Hooper Boubacar Kadri Khumbo Kalua Sarjo Kanyi Mabula Kasubi Amir Bedri Kello Robert Ko Patrick J. Lammie Andrés G. Lescano Ramatou Maliki Michael Masika Stephanie J Migchelsen Beido Nassirou John M. Nesemann Nishanth Parameswaran William Pomat Kristen K. Renneker Chrissy h. Roberts Prudence Rymil Eshetu Sata Laura Senyonjo Fikre Seife Ansumana Sillah Oliver Sokana Ariktha Srivathsan Zerihun Tadesse Fasihah Taleo Emma Michelle Taylor Rabebe Tekeraoi Kwamy Togbey Sheila K. West Karana Wickens Timothy William Dionna M. Wittberg Dorothy Yeboah‐Manu Mohammed Youbi Tàye Zeru Jeremy D. Keenan Thomas M. Lietman Anthony W. Solomon Scott D. Nash Diana L. Martin Benjamin F. Arnold |
| author_browse | Abdou Amza Abou-Bakr Sidik Domingo Adisu Abebe Dawed Ahmed M. Arzika Amir Bedri Kello Andrés G. Lescano Ansumana Sillah Anthony W. Solomon Ariktha Srivathsan Beido Nassirou Belgesa E Elshafie Benjamin F. Arnold Boubacar Kadri Chris Drakeley Chrissy h. Roberts David Chaima Diana L. Martin Dionna M. Wittberg Dorothy Yeboah‐Manu E. Brook Goodhew E. Kelly Callahan Emma M. Harding‐Esch Emma Michelle Taylor Eshetu Sata Everlyn Kamau Fasihah Taleo Fikre Seife Jaouad Hammou Jeremy D. Keenan John M. Nesemann Karana Wickens Katherine Gass Khumbo Kalua Kimberly Fornace Kristen Aiemjoy Kristen K. Renneker Kwamy Togbey Laura Senyonjo Mabula Kasubi Marcel S Awoussi Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz Michael Masika Mohammed Youbi Nishanth Parameswaran Oliver Sokana PJ Hooper Patrick J. Lammie Paul M. Emerson Pearl Anne Ante-Testard Prudence Rymil Rabebe Tekeraoi Ramatou Maliki Robert Butcher Robert Ko Robin L. Bailey Sarah Gwyn Sarjo Kanyi Scott D. Nash Seth Blumberg Sheila K. West Solomon Aragie Stephanie J Migchelsen Thomas M. Lietman Timothy William Tàye Zeru William Pomat Zeinab Abdalla Zerihun Tadesse |
| author_facet | Everlyn Kamau Pearl Anne Ante-Testard Sarah Gwyn Seth Blumberg Zeinab Abdalla Kristen Aiemjoy Abdou Amza Solomon Aragie Ahmed M. Arzika Marcel S Awoussi Robin L. Bailey Robert Butcher E. Kelly Callahan David Chaima Adisu Abebe Dawed Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz Abou-Bakr Sidik Domingo Chris Drakeley Belgesa E Elshafie Paul M. Emerson Kimberly Fornace Katherine Gass E. Brook Goodhew Jaouad Hammou Emma M. Harding‐Esch PJ Hooper Boubacar Kadri Khumbo Kalua Sarjo Kanyi Mabula Kasubi Amir Bedri Kello Robert Ko Patrick J. Lammie Andrés G. Lescano Ramatou Maliki Michael Masika Stephanie J Migchelsen Beido Nassirou John M. Nesemann Nishanth Parameswaran William Pomat Kristen K. Renneker Chrissy h. Roberts Prudence Rymil Eshetu Sata Laura Senyonjo Fikre Seife Ansumana Sillah Oliver Sokana Ariktha Srivathsan Zerihun Tadesse Fasihah Taleo Emma Michelle Taylor Rabebe Tekeraoi Kwamy Togbey Sheila K. West Karana Wickens Timothy William Dionna M. Wittberg Dorothy Yeboah‐Manu Mohammed Youbi Tàye Zeru Jeremy D. Keenan Thomas M. Lietman Anthony W. Solomon Scott D. Nash Diana L. Martin Benjamin F. Arnold |
| author_sort | Everlyn Kamau |
| collection | Producción científica |
| description | Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Measurement of IgG antibodies in children is being considered for surveillance and programmatic decision-making. There are currently no programmatic guidelines based on serology, which represents a generalizable problem in seroepidemiology and disease elimination. Here, we collate Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 and CT694 IgG measurements from 48 serosurveys across Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands (41,168 children ages 1-5 years) and propose a novel approach to estimate the probability that population C. trachomatis transmission is below or above levels requiring ongoing programmatic action. We determine that trachoma programs could halt control measures with >90% certainty when seroconversion rates (SCRs) are ≤2.2 per 100 person-years. Conversely, SCRs ≥4.5 per 100 person-years correspond with >90% certainty that further control interventions are needed. More extreme SCR thresholds correspond with higher levels of confidence of elimination (lower SCR) or ongoing action needed (higher SCR). This study demonstrates a robust approach for using trachoma serosurveys to guide elimination program decisions. |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/1171 |
| institution | UPeU |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/11712026-10-30T16:15:18ZCharacterizing trachoma elimination using serologyEverlyn KamauPearl Anne Ante-TestardSarah GwynSeth BlumbergZeinab AbdallaKristen AiemjoyAbdou AmzaSolomon AragieAhmed M. ArzikaMarcel S AwoussiRobin L. BaileyRobert ButcherE. Kelly CallahanDavid ChaimaAdisu Abebe DawedMartha Idalí Saboyá-DíazAbou-Bakr Sidik DomingoChris DrakeleyBelgesa E ElshafiePaul M. EmersonKimberly FornaceKatherine GassE. Brook GoodhewJaouad HammouEmma M. Harding‐EschPJ HooperBoubacar KadriKhumbo KaluaSarjo KanyiMabula KasubiAmir Bedri KelloRobert KoPatrick J. LammieAndrés G. LescanoRamatou MalikiMichael MasikaStephanie J MigchelsenBeido NassirouJohn M. NesemannNishanth ParameswaranWilliam PomatKristen K. RennekerChrissy h. RobertsPrudence RymilEshetu SataLaura SenyonjoFikre SeifeAnsumana SillahOliver SokanaAriktha SrivathsanZerihun TadesseFasihah TaleoEmma Michelle TaylorRabebe TekeraoiKwamy TogbeySheila K. WestKarana WickensTimothy WilliamDionna M. WittbergDorothy Yeboah‐ManuMohammed YoubiTàye ZeruJeremy D. KeenanThomas M. LietmanAnthony W. SolomonScott D. NashDiana L. MartinBenjamin F. ArnoldTrachomaMedicineSeroconversionChlamydia trachomatisSerologyTransmission (telecommunications)Psychological interventionImmunologyEnvironmental healthAntibodyPathologyComputer scienceTelecommunicationsPsychiatryTrachomaMedicineSeroconversionChlamydia trachomatisSerologyTransmission (telecommunications)Psychological interventionImmunologyEnvironmental healthAntibodyPathologyComputer scienceTelecommunicationsAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAfrica epidemiologyAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial bloodAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntibodies, Bacterial immunologyAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialAntigens, BacterialBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsBacterial ProteinsChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChild, PreschoolChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyChlamydia trachomatis immunologyFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleHumansHumansHumansHumansHumansHumansHumansHumansImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G bloodImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyImmunoglobulin G immunologyInfantInfantInfantInfantInfantInfantInfantInfantLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyLatin America epidemiologyMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleMaleTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma bloodTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma immunologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma microbiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma epidemiologyTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlTrachoma prevention & controlSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesSeroepidemiologic StudiesDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationDisease EradicationLife Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Microbiology Reproductive tract infections researchHealth Sciences Medicine Epidemiology Cervical Cancer and HPV ResearchHealth Sciences Medicine Physiology Syphilis Diagnosis and TreatmentTrachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. Measurement of IgG antibodies in children is being considered for surveillance and programmatic decision-making. There are currently no programmatic guidelines based on serology, which represents a generalizable problem in seroepidemiology and disease elimination. Here, we collate Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 and CT694 IgG measurements from 48 serosurveys across Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands (41,168 children ages 1-5 years) and propose a novel approach to estimate the probability that population C. trachomatis transmission is below or above levels requiring ongoing programmatic action. We determine that trachoma programs could halt control measures with >90% certainty when seroconversion rates (SCRs) are ≤2.2 per 100 person-years. Conversely, SCRs ≥4.5 per 100 person-years correspond with >90% certainty that further control interventions are needed. More extreme SCR thresholds correspond with higher levels of confidence of elimination (lower SCR) or ongoing action needed (higher SCR). This study demonstrates a robust approach for using trachoma serosurveys to guide elimination program decisions.Articlehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40593530https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60581-z.pdfhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60581-z10.1038/s41467-025-60581-zhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/1171W4411889280enNature Communications2041-17232025-07-012026-06-13T09:48:37Z2026-06-13T09:48:37Z |
| spellingShingle | Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Psychiatry Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Microbiology Reproductive tract infections research Health Sciences Medicine Epidemiology Cervical Cancer and HPV Research Health Sciences Medicine Physiology Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment Everlyn Kamau Pearl Anne Ante-Testard Sarah Gwyn Seth Blumberg Zeinab Abdalla Kristen Aiemjoy Abdou Amza Solomon Aragie Ahmed M. Arzika Marcel S Awoussi Robin L. Bailey Robert Butcher E. Kelly Callahan David Chaima Adisu Abebe Dawed Martha Idalí Saboyá-Díaz Abou-Bakr Sidik Domingo Chris Drakeley Belgesa E Elshafie Paul M. Emerson Kimberly Fornace Katherine Gass E. Brook Goodhew Jaouad Hammou Emma M. Harding‐Esch PJ Hooper Boubacar Kadri Khumbo Kalua Sarjo Kanyi Mabula Kasubi Amir Bedri Kello Robert Ko Patrick J. Lammie Andrés G. Lescano Ramatou Maliki Michael Masika Stephanie J Migchelsen Beido Nassirou John M. Nesemann Nishanth Parameswaran William Pomat Kristen K. Renneker Chrissy h. Roberts Prudence Rymil Eshetu Sata Laura Senyonjo Fikre Seife Ansumana Sillah Oliver Sokana Ariktha Srivathsan Zerihun Tadesse Fasihah Taleo Emma Michelle Taylor Rabebe Tekeraoi Kwamy Togbey Sheila K. West Karana Wickens Timothy William Dionna M. Wittberg Dorothy Yeboah‐Manu Mohammed Youbi Tàye Zeru Jeremy D. Keenan Thomas M. Lietman Anthony W. Solomon Scott D. Nash Diana L. Martin Benjamin F. Arnold Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title | Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title_full | Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title_fullStr | Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title_short | Characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| title_sort | characterizing trachoma elimination using serology |
| topic | Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Psychiatry Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Microbiology Reproductive tract infections research Health Sciences Medicine Epidemiology Cervical Cancer and HPV Research Health Sciences Medicine Physiology Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment |
| topic_facet | Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Psychiatry Trachoma Medicine Seroconversion Chlamydia trachomatis Serology Transmission (telecommunications) Psychological intervention Immunology Environmental health Antibody Pathology Computer science Telecommunications Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Africa epidemiology Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial blood Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antibodies, Bacterial immunology Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Antigens, Bacterial Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Bacterial Proteins Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Child, Preschool Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Chlamydia trachomatis immunology Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Humans Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G blood Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Immunoglobulin G immunology Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Infant Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Latin America epidemiology Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma blood Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma immunology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma microbiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma epidemiology Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Trachoma prevention & control Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Seroepidemiologic Studies Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Disease Eradication Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Microbiology Reproductive tract infections research Health Sciences Medicine Epidemiology Cervical Cancer and HPV Research Health Sciences Medicine Physiology Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40593530 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-60581-z.pdf https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60581-z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/1171 |
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