Adaptation, validation, and reliability of the online learning readiness scale for undergraduate EFL students in Peru

The need to assess students' readiness for virtual environments has been highlighted by the rapid digital transformation of higher education. Therefore, this study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Spanish version of the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) to assess undergrad...

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Detalles Bibliográficos

Autores principales:	Brígida Calsin Quinto, Abel Apaza Romero, Nihal Yurtseven
Formato:	Artículo
Lenguaje:	inglés
Publicado:	2026
Materias:	e-learning readiness EFL learners scale adaptation Spanish translation self-directed learning learner control motivation in learning online communication self-efficacy measurement invariance gender differences higher education Peru Online and Blended Learning English Language Learning and Teaching Technology-Enhanced Education Studies
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