Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations
Introduction: Extortion has become a growing problem for public security in Latin America, especially in Peru, where an increase in the rate of victims of extortion has intensified citizens' fear. Objective: The objective was to explore the relationship between worry about the possibility of being a...
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| Formato: | Artículo |
| Lenguaje: | inglés |
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2026
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| author | Oscar Mamani-Benito María Gracia Rodríguez-Díaz Andy Sánchez-Villena Victor Manuel Siesquen Custodio Madeleine Victoria Huayta-Meza Cristhian Cruz-Campos Wilfredo Oscar Sucapuca Mamani Rosa Farfán-Solís Milagros Yesenia Pacheco-Vizcarra Josue Edison Turpo-Chaparro |
| author_browse | Andy Sánchez-Villena Cristhian Cruz-Campos Josue Edison Turpo-Chaparro Madeleine Victoria Huayta-Meza María Gracia Rodríguez-Díaz Milagros Yesenia Pacheco-Vizcarra Oscar Mamani-Benito Rosa Farfán-Solís Victor Manuel Siesquen Custodio Wilfredo Oscar Sucapuca Mamani |
| author_facet | Oscar Mamani-Benito María Gracia Rodríguez-Díaz Andy Sánchez-Villena Victor Manuel Siesquen Custodio Madeleine Victoria Huayta-Meza Cristhian Cruz-Campos Wilfredo Oscar Sucapuca Mamani Rosa Farfán-Solís Milagros Yesenia Pacheco-Vizcarra Josue Edison Turpo-Chaparro |
| author_sort | Oscar Mamani-Benito |
| collection | Producción científica |
| description | Introduction: Extortion has become a growing problem for public security in Latin America, especially in Peru, where an increase in the rate of victims of extortion has intensified citizens' fear. Objective: The objective was to explore the relationship between worry about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: A cross-sectional explanatory study was conducted with 1222 Peruvian adults (59.25% men; average age = 26.51 years) from the three regions of Peru (coast, mountains, and jungle), selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. Participants completed the Concern about Becoming a Victim of Extortion Scale (BECS; 8 items) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-13). With the data, a structural equation model with the WLSMV estimator was used to test the hypothetical model. Result: The structural model demonstrated an adequate adjustment (CFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.067, SRMR = 0.036). In this case, worry about being a victim of extortion showed a large, direct, and significant effect on stress (β=0.553, R²=0.306) and anxiety (β=0.519, R²=0.269). At the same time, it had a moderate, direct, and significant effect on depression (β=0.427, R²=0.182). Conclusion: Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion is significantly associated with higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in the sample studied. These findings are preliminary and require replication in probabilistic samples before generalizing them to the Peruvian population. |
| format | Article |
| id | openalex:W7203634337 |
| institution | UPeU |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | openalex:W7203634337Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equationsOscar Mamani-BenitoMaría Gracia Rodríguez-DíazAndy Sánchez-VillenaVictor Manuel Siesquen CustodioMadeleine Victoria Huayta-MezaCristhian Cruz-CamposWilfredo Oscar Sucapuca MamaniRosa Farfán-SolísMilagros Yesenia Pacheco-VizcarraJosue Edison Turpo-Chaparroextortionfear of victimizationanxietydepressionstresspublic securityPeruvian adultsmental healthCrime Patterns and InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesCOVID-19 and Mental HealthIntroduction: Extortion has become a growing problem for public security in Latin America, especially in Peru, where an increase in the rate of victims of extortion has intensified citizens' fear. Objective: The objective was to explore the relationship between worry about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: A cross-sectional explanatory study was conducted with 1222 Peruvian adults (59.25% men; average age = 26.51 years) from the three regions of Peru (coast, mountains, and jungle), selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. Participants completed the Concern about Becoming a Victim of Extortion Scale (BECS; 8 items) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-13). With the data, a structural equation model with the WLSMV estimator was used to test the hypothetical model. Result: The structural model demonstrated an adequate adjustment (CFI = 0.986, TLI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.067, SRMR = 0.036). In this case, worry about being a victim of extortion showed a large, direct, and significant effect on stress (β=0.553, R²=0.306) and anxiety (β=0.519, R²=0.269). At the same time, it had a moderate, direct, and significant effect on depression (β=0.427, R²=0.182). Conclusion: Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion is significantly associated with higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression in the sample studied. These findings are preliminary and require replication in probabilistic samples before generalizing them to the Peruvian population.Articlehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1862134https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1862134/pdfW7203634337enFrontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402026-08-17 |
| spellingShingle | extortion fear of victimization anxiety depression stress public security Peruvian adults mental health Crime Patterns and Interventions Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes COVID-19 and Mental Health Oscar Mamani-Benito María Gracia Rodríguez-Díaz Andy Sánchez-Villena Victor Manuel Siesquen Custodio Madeleine Victoria Huayta-Meza Cristhian Cruz-Campos Wilfredo Oscar Sucapuca Mamani Rosa Farfán-Solís Milagros Yesenia Pacheco-Vizcarra Josue Edison Turpo-Chaparro Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title | Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title_full | Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title_fullStr | Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title_short | Concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress in Peruvian adults: a model of structural equations |
| title_sort | concern about the possibility of being a victim of extortion and symptoms of anxiety depression and stress in peruvian adults a model of structural equations |
| topic | extortion fear of victimization anxiety depression stress public security Peruvian adults mental health Crime Patterns and Interventions Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes COVID-19 and Mental Health |
| topic_facet | extortion fear of victimization anxiety depression stress public security Peruvian adults mental health Crime Patterns and Interventions Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes COVID-19 and Mental Health |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1862134 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1862134/pdf |
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