Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults
OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for San Martín Quechua and to evaluate its structural validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in Peruvian adults. METHODS: A psychometric study was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample of 309 Quechua-speaking adul...
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2026
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| author | Julio Cjuno Heber Gomez-Hurtado Cristian Shupingahua-Jimenez Jessica Aranda Turpo Félix Claudio Julca Guerrero Nilo Albert Velásquez Castillo Eddy Wildmar Aquize Anco Janina Bazalar-Palacios Juan Carlos Bazo‐Alvarez |
| author_browse | Cristian Shupingahua-Jimenez Eddy Wildmar Aquize Anco Félix Claudio Julca Guerrero Heber Gomez-Hurtado Janina Bazalar-Palacios Jessica Aranda Turpo Juan Carlos Bazo‐Alvarez Julio Cjuno Nilo Albert Velásquez Castillo |
| author_facet | Julio Cjuno Heber Gomez-Hurtado Cristian Shupingahua-Jimenez Jessica Aranda Turpo Félix Claudio Julca Guerrero Nilo Albert Velásquez Castillo Eddy Wildmar Aquize Anco Janina Bazalar-Palacios Juan Carlos Bazo‐Alvarez |
| author_sort | Julio Cjuno |
| collection | Producción científica |
| description | OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for San Martín Quechua and to evaluate its structural validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in Peruvian adults. METHODS: A psychometric study was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample of 309 Quechua-speaking adults from the San Martín region of Peru, including both men and women aged 18 to 59 years. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved the translation and cultural adaptation of the original English PHQ-9 into the Quechua variant spoken in San Martín. The second phase tested how well the adapted PHQ-9 worked by using different methods: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine its internal structure, multi-group CFA to assess measurement invariance across groups, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) to evaluate construct representation, and reliability estimation. Convergent validity was also examined through correlations with related measures. RESULTS: A unidimensional model of the PHQ-9 Quechua San Martín showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994, SRMR = 0.048, RMSEA = 0.051) and high reliability (α = 0.86; Ω = 0.87). Measurement invariance was supported across sociodemographic groups (ΔCFI and/or ΔRMSEA < 0.01). Convergent validity was supported by an adequate AVE (0.53). Additionally, PHQ-9 scores correlated moderately with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and weakly and negatively with the Well-Being Index, supporting convergent validity based on relations with other variables. CONCLUSIONS: The San Martín Quechua PHQ-9 is a valid, reliable, and at least partially invariant single-factor instrument for assessing depressive symptoms in Quechua-speaking adults. It may be useful as a screening tool in similar populations. |
| format | Article |
| id | openalex:W7159941003 |
| institution | UPeU |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
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| spelling | openalex:W7159941003Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adultsJulio CjunoHeber Gomez-HurtadoCristian Shupingahua-JimenezJessica Aranda TurpoFélix Claudio Julca GuerreroNilo Albert Velásquez CastilloEddy Wildmar Aquize AncoJanina Bazalar-PalaciosJuan Carlos Bazo‐AlvarezPHQ-9cultural adaptationdepression screeningdepressive symptomsmeasurement invariancestructural validityreliability statisticsconvergent validityPeruvian adultspsychometric propertiesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth Education and ValidationAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesOBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for San Martín Quechua and to evaluate its structural validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in Peruvian adults. METHODS: A psychometric study was conducted on a non-probabilistic sample of 309 Quechua-speaking adults from the San Martín region of Peru, including both men and women aged 18 to 59 years. The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase involved the translation and cultural adaptation of the original English PHQ-9 into the Quechua variant spoken in San Martín. The second phase tested how well the adapted PHQ-9 worked by using different methods: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine its internal structure, multi-group CFA to assess measurement invariance across groups, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) to evaluate construct representation, and reliability estimation. Convergent validity was also examined through correlations with related measures. RESULTS: A unidimensional model of the PHQ-9 Quechua San Martín showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994, SRMR = 0.048, RMSEA = 0.051) and high reliability (α = 0.86; Ω = 0.87). Measurement invariance was supported across sociodemographic groups (ΔCFI and/or ΔRMSEA < 0.01). Convergent validity was supported by an adequate AVE (0.53). Additionally, PHQ-9 scores correlated moderately with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and weakly and negatively with the Well-Being Index, supporting convergent validity based on relations with other variables. CONCLUSIONS: The San Martín Quechua PHQ-9 is a valid, reliable, and at least partially invariant single-factor instrument for assessing depressive symptoms in Quechua-speaking adults. It may be useful as a screening tool in similar populations.Articlehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04653-9W7159941003enBMC Psychology2050-72832026-05-02 |
| spellingShingle | PHQ-9 cultural adaptation depression screening depressive symptoms measurement invariance structural validity reliability statistics convergent validity Peruvian adults psychometric properties Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Health Education and Validation Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes Julio Cjuno Heber Gomez-Hurtado Cristian Shupingahua-Jimenez Jessica Aranda Turpo Félix Claudio Julca Guerrero Nilo Albert Velásquez Castillo Eddy Wildmar Aquize Anco Janina Bazalar-Palacios Juan Carlos Bazo‐Alvarez Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title | Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title_full | Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title_fullStr | Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title_short | Adaptation to San Martín Quechua and psychometric analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian adults |
| title_sort | adaptation to san martin quechua and psychometric analysis of the patient health questionnaire phq 9 in peruvian adults |
| topic | PHQ-9 cultural adaptation depression screening depressive symptoms measurement invariance structural validity reliability statistics convergent validity Peruvian adults psychometric properties Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Health Education and Validation Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes |
| topic_facet | PHQ-9 cultural adaptation depression screening depressive symptoms measurement invariance structural validity reliability statistics convergent validity Peruvian adults psychometric properties Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Health Education and Validation Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-026-04653-9 |
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