Adaptation to Aymara language and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Peruvian and Bolivian populations

OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for Aymara-speaking populations in Peru and Bolivia and to evaluate its psychometric properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 1,607 Aymara speakers from Peru (n = 969) and Boliv...

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Autores principales: Julio Cjuno, Lucy Puño -Quispe, Jovita Coronado-Fernández, Carla Dávila-Valencia, Marco Alvarado-Carbonel, Elvis Chura-Maquera, Mishell Mamani-Quea, Frank Peralta-Álvarez, Oscar Alfredo Bazo-Alvarez, Juan Carlos Bazo‐Alvarez
Formato: Artículo
Lenguaje:inglés
Publicado: 2026
Materias:
PHQ-9
Aymara language
culturally adapted questionnaire
depression screening
measurement invariance
psychometric properties
factor structure
internal consistency
Peru
Bolivia
indigenous peoples
Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Education and Validation
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Sumario:OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for Aymara-speaking populations in Peru and Bolivia and to evaluate its psychometric properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 1,607 Aymara speakers from Peru (n = 969) and Bolivia (n = 638), aged 18 to 74 years, with both sexes represented. In the first phase, forward and backward translations were carried out, followed by expert review to ensure cultural contextualization, and focus group with Aymara speakers. In the second phase, internal structure validity, external criterion validity, group-based invariance, and reliability were assessed. RESULTS: The Aymara PHQ-9 demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure with satisfactory fit indices (CFI & TLI > 0.95 and RMSEA & SRMR < 0.08) across Aymara variants in Peru and Bolivia. Measurement invariance was established across age, sex, residential area, education level, and marital status. External validity revealed significant relationships with the GAD-7 and WHO-5. Both country-specific versions showed high reliability coefficients (Peru α = 0.847 to 0.849; Bolivia ω = 0.943 to 0.942). CONCLUSIONS: The Aymara PHQ-9 for Peru and Bolivia demonstrated robust internal structure validity, external validity, measurement invariance, and reliability. This version is therefore recommended for depression screening among Aymara populations.

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