Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota
Background: Bacteriophages and phage-derived lytic enzymes are increasingly considered to be targeted antimicrobial tools in aquaculture; however, their compatibility with non-target microbial communities under hatchery-relevant conditions remains insufficiently characterized. Objectives This study...
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2026
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| author | Jaime Romero Carolina Ramírez Alda Pardo Marco Medina-Morillo Luz Hurtado Rodrigo Rojas Claudio D. Miranda |
| author_browse | Alda Pardo Carolina Ramírez Claudio D. Miranda Jaime Romero Luz Hurtado Marco Medina-Morillo Rodrigo Rojas |
| author_facet | Jaime Romero Carolina Ramírez Alda Pardo Marco Medina-Morillo Luz Hurtado Rodrigo Rojas Claudio D. Miranda |
| author_sort | Jaime Romero |
| collection | Producción científica |
| description | Background: Bacteriophages and phage-derived lytic enzymes are increasingly considered to be targeted antimicrobial tools in aquaculture; however, their compatibility with non-target microbial communities under hatchery-relevant conditions remains insufficiently characterized. Objectives This study evaluates the impact of a lytic phage (CH20) and a phage-derived lysin (LysVp1), applied under previously validated conditions for rapid Vibrio control, on the microbiota associated with seawater, rotifers, and zebrafish larvae challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus GV09. Methods: Treatments were independently applied to each biological matrix using short exposure times representative of hatchery practices, intentionally capturing the critical window during which microbial transfer from live feed to larvae occurs. Microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with DNA- and RNA-derived datasets evaluated separately. Results: Alpha diversity indices were compared using appropriate statistical tests, while beta diversity was assessed using Aitchison distance, PERMANOVA, and dispersion analyses, and differential abundance was evaluated using ANCOM-BC2. Alpha diversity metrics showed no significant differences among treatments across all matrices, indicating the preservation of microbial richness and diversity. Beta diversity patterns differed according to the nucleic acid source, with RNA-based analyses revealing treatment-associated shifts in rotifer and water microbiota that were not consistently detected at the DNA level. In zebrafish larvae, neither phage nor lysin treatment significantly altered overall community structure, although dispersion effects reflected limitations related to sample size. Conclusions: Overall, these results indicate that phage CH20 and lysin LysVp1 exert minimal impact on alpha diversity and limited, context-dependent effects on microbial community structure, supporting their microbiota-safe potential for aquaculture applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/750 |
| institution | UPeU |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publishDateRange | 2026 |
| publishDateSort | 2026 |
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| spelling | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/7502026-10-30T16:14:49ZExamining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae MicrobiotaJaime RomeroCarolina RamírezAlda PardoMarco Medina-MorilloLuz HurtadoRodrigo RojasClaudio D. MirandaLysinRotiferBiologyMicrobiologyBacteriophageLysogenic cycleLarvaBacteriaAquacultureZoologyPhage therapyTemperatenessCommensalismEcologyAntibiosisDiversity (politics)AntimicrobialAntibioticsLysinRotiferBacteriophageLysogenic cycleLarvaBacteriaAquaculturePhysical Sciences Environmental Science Ecology Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsLife Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Aquaculture disease management and microbiotaLife Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Invertebrate Immune Response MechanismsBackground: Bacteriophages and phage-derived lytic enzymes are increasingly considered to be targeted antimicrobial tools in aquaculture; however, their compatibility with non-target microbial communities under hatchery-relevant conditions remains insufficiently characterized. Objectives This study evaluates the impact of a lytic phage (CH20) and a phage-derived lysin (LysVp1), applied under previously validated conditions for rapid Vibrio control, on the microbiota associated with seawater, rotifers, and zebrafish larvae challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus GV09. Methods: Treatments were independently applied to each biological matrix using short exposure times representative of hatchery practices, intentionally capturing the critical window during which microbial transfer from live feed to larvae occurs. Microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with DNA- and RNA-derived datasets evaluated separately. Results: Alpha diversity indices were compared using appropriate statistical tests, while beta diversity was assessed using Aitchison distance, PERMANOVA, and dispersion analyses, and differential abundance was evaluated using ANCOM-BC2. Alpha diversity metrics showed no significant differences among treatments across all matrices, indicating the preservation of microbial richness and diversity. Beta diversity patterns differed according to the nucleic acid source, with RNA-based analyses revealing treatment-associated shifts in rotifer and water microbiota that were not consistently detected at the DNA level. In zebrafish larvae, neither phage nor lysin treatment significantly altered overall community structure, although dispersion effects reflected limitations related to sample size. Conclusions: Overall, these results indicate that phage CH20 and lysin LysVp1 exert minimal impact on alpha diversity and limited, context-dependent effects on microbial community structure, supporting their microbiota-safe potential for aquaculture applications.Articlehttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750501https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/15/2/204/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics1502020410.3390/antibiotics15020204https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/750W7128814349enAntibiotics2079-63822026-02-132026-06-13T09:34:00Z2026-06-13T09:34:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Lysin Rotifer Biology Microbiology Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Zoology Phage therapy Temperateness Commensalism Ecology Antibiosis Diversity (politics) Antimicrobial Antibiotics Lysin Rotifer Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Physical Sciences Environmental Science Ecology Bacteriophages and microbial interactions Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Aquaculture disease management and microbiota Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms Jaime Romero Carolina Ramírez Alda Pardo Marco Medina-Morillo Luz Hurtado Rodrigo Rojas Claudio D. Miranda Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title | Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title_full | Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title_fullStr | Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title_full_unstemmed | Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title_short | Examining the Effects: Lack of Impact by Endolysin and Phage Treatment on Rotifer and Larvae Microbiota |
| title_sort | examining the effects lack of impact by endolysin and phage treatment on rotifer and larvae microbiota |
| topic | Lysin Rotifer Biology Microbiology Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Zoology Phage therapy Temperateness Commensalism Ecology Antibiosis Diversity (politics) Antimicrobial Antibiotics Lysin Rotifer Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Physical Sciences Environmental Science Ecology Bacteriophages and microbial interactions Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Aquaculture disease management and microbiota Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms |
| topic_facet | Lysin Rotifer Biology Microbiology Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Zoology Phage therapy Temperateness Commensalism Ecology Antibiosis Diversity (politics) Antimicrobial Antibiotics Lysin Rotifer Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle Larva Bacteria Aquaculture Physical Sciences Environmental Science Ecology Bacteriophages and microbial interactions Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Aquaculture disease management and microbiota Life Sciences Immunology and Microbiology Immunology Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms |
| url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750501 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/15/2/204/pdf https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15020204 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/750 |
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