Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens
Introduction The phenomenon of extortion is generating serious repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. In the absence of measurement instruments to quantify the magnitude of this problem, it becomes urgent to design a documentary measurement tool. Objective To desig...
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Frontiers Media SA
2025
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| author | Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier Carranza Esteban, Renzo Felipe Cruz-Ordinola, María Celinda Huayta Meza, Mariné Estefa Cruz Campos, Cristhian Ronaldo Pacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros Yesenia Morales Garcia, Wilter Charming |
| author_browse | Carranza Esteban, Renzo Felipe Cruz Campos, Cristhian Ronaldo Cruz-Ordinola, María Celinda Huayta Meza, Mariné Estefa Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier Morales Garcia, Wilter Charming Pacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros Yesenia |
| author_facet | Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier Carranza Esteban, Renzo Felipe Cruz-Ordinola, María Celinda Huayta Meza, Mariné Estefa Cruz Campos, Cristhian Ronaldo Pacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros Yesenia Morales Garcia, Wilter Charming |
| author_sort | Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier |
| collection | Producción científica |
| description | Introduction The phenomenon of extortion is generating serious repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. In the absence of measurement instruments to quantify the magnitude of this problem, it becomes urgent to design a documentary measurement tool. Objective To design and validate a scale measuring concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion. Method The study is classified as instrumental. Using purposive non-probability sampling, participation was obtained from 2.049 citizens of both sexes across the three regions of Peru. The instrument was designed in 10 stages, following expert recommendations on the subject. The first version consisted of 11 items with five-point Likert-type response options. Analyses were conducted to demonstrate content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, measurement invariance, and reliability. Results All items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > 0.70). Exploratory factor analysis suggested an underlying structure composed of eight items (KMO = 0.91, Bartlett’s test = p ≤ 0.001), with factor loadings above the 0.40 cutoff (0.75 to 0.83). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis corroborated this unidimensional structure (SRMR = 0.037, RMSEA = 0.074, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In addition, the BECS was shown to be invariant across sex and exhibited significant correlations with other comparable scales, thus providing evidence of convergent validity. Finally, the instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (>0.90). Conclusion The BECS shows psychometric evidence supporting its validity and reliability. Therefore, it becomes the first measure available to assess concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion. |
| format | Article |
| id | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/2884 |
| institution | UPeU |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media SA |
| publisherStr | Frontiers Media SA |
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| spelling | oai:cris.upeu.edu.pe:20.500.15037/28842026-10-30T17:11:06ZConcern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizensMamani-Benito, Oscar JavierCarranza Esteban, Renzo FelipeCruz-Ordinola, María CelindaHuayta Meza, Mariné EstefaCruz Campos, Cristhian RonaldoPacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros YeseniaMorales Garcia, Wilter CharmingMental healthPsychometric ValidationUnidimensional ScaleExtortion ConcernPeruvian PopulationIntroduction The phenomenon of extortion is generating serious repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. In the absence of measurement instruments to quantify the magnitude of this problem, it becomes urgent to design a documentary measurement tool. Objective To design and validate a scale measuring concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion. Method The study is classified as instrumental. Using purposive non-probability sampling, participation was obtained from 2.049 citizens of both sexes across the three regions of Peru. The instrument was designed in 10 stages, following expert recommendations on the subject. The first version consisted of 11 items with five-point Likert-type response options. Analyses were conducted to demonstrate content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, measurement invariance, and reliability. Results All items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > 0.70). Exploratory factor analysis suggested an underlying structure composed of eight items (KMO = 0.91, Bartlett’s test = p ≤ 0.001), with factor loadings above the 0.40 cutoff (0.75 to 0.83). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis corroborated this unidimensional structure (SRMR = 0.037, RMSEA = 0.074, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In addition, the BECS was shown to be invariant across sex and exhibited significant correlations with other comparable scales, thus providing evidence of convergent validity. Finally, the instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (>0.90). Conclusion The BECS shows psychometric evidence supporting its validity and reliability. Therefore, it becomes the first measure available to assess concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion.Article10.3389/fpsyt.2025.16447972-s2.0-105020667870https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/2884enFrontiers in PsychiatryFrontiers in Psychiatry1664-0640Frontiers Media SA2025-10-172026-06-27T02:34:31Z2026-06-27T02:34:31Z |
| spellingShingle | Mental health Psychometric Validation Unidimensional Scale Extortion Concern Peruvian Population Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier Carranza Esteban, Renzo Felipe Cruz-Ordinola, María Celinda Huayta Meza, Mariné Estefa Cruz Campos, Cristhian Ronaldo Pacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros Yesenia Morales Garcia, Wilter Charming Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title | Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title_full | Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title_fullStr | Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title_short | Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens |
| title_sort | concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion validation of a brief scale for peruvian citizens |
| topic | Mental health Psychometric Validation Unidimensional Scale Extortion Concern Peruvian Population |
| topic_facet | Mental health Psychometric Validation Unidimensional Scale Extortion Concern Peruvian Population |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.15037/2884 |
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